|
I
July |
II October 2015 |
III January 2016 |
IV
April |
%
|
Paper and paperboard % |
10,41 |
13,96 |
10,94 |
9,46 |
11,1925 |
Glass % |
4,76 |
9,23 |
5,08 |
4,74 |
5,9525 |
Metal scrap % |
1,99 |
2,04 |
2,95 |
2,11 |
2,2725 |
Polyethylene/plastic % |
12,76 |
15,44 |
12,58 |
10,58 |
12,84 |
Diapers % |
6,53 |
5,39 |
12,93 |
10 |
8,7125 |
Textile % |
5,03 |
7,37 |
3,67 |
8,4 |
6,1175 |
Organics % |
43,44 |
39,27 |
45,36 |
42,8 |
42,7175 |
Construction waste % |
6,39 |
1,11 |
1,9 |
3,28 |
3,17 |
Special care waste % |
1,14 |
0,84 |
2,18 |
0,68 |
1,21 |
Leather/rubber % |
4,13 |
3,39 |
0,5 |
5,01 |
3,2575 |
other waste % |
2,86 |
1,65 |
1,88 |
2,41 |
2,2 |
loss % |
0,56 |
0,31 |
0,37 |
0,5 |
0,435 |
Assessment of pathogens load at Georgian MSW landfills (both at legal and illegal) is not conducted regularly but based on the assessment conducted at Tbilisi landfill in 2016 following microbes and parasites were found:
• Bacterias: Fecal coliforms
& streptococci and Salmonella
• Viruses: Enteroviruses &
Noroviruses
• Parasites: Giardia &
Cryptosporidium
The major
sources of MSW contributing enteric pathogens were food waste, pet
fecal, absorbent products, and biosolids. For all potential
sources, food waste contributes the greatest number of fecal
coliforms (80.62%). The largest contribution of salmonellae
(97.27%), human enteroviruses (94.88%) and protozoan
parasites (97%) are
expected to come from diapers. Biosolids from wastewater treatment
sludge contribute the greatest number of human noroviruses
(99.94%)2.
Because organic
waste is not separated from MSW in Georgia, landfills attract
birds, rodents and in some cases livestock too. This condition
supports microbes to easily reach peoples and cause serious
diseases among them.
World’s
recent decade remembers well landfills originated disease
outbreaks3: New Deli 2004, Tokyo 2005, Lagos 2007 Las
Vegas 2008, Madrid 2011, Aleppo 2016 and so
on.
And now, WHO
world statistics about pathogens presented at Georgian
landfills:
•
Faecal coliforms and streptococci of those
infected, approximately 1100 to 1600 people die each year due to
invasive disease
•
Salmonella is 1 of the 4 key global causes of
diarrheal diseases. significant contributor to global morbidity and
mortality with an estimated 26.9 million cases and approximately 200,000 deaths
directly or indirectly attributable to typhoid each
year
•
Enteroviruses infects >10 million people yearly
of those >3,000 deaths are reported and rest get medium to
severe damage of immunity system
•
Noroviruses results in about 685 million cases of
disease and 200,000 deaths globally a year. It is common both in
the developed and developing world
• Landfills originated
parasites: Giardia and Cryptosporidium negatively effect
Approximately 280 million people annually. Through the mortality
from those parasites are rare (mainly in infants and
the elderly) these causes serious depreciation of immunity
systems
National Center of Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia (NCDC) tracks some of landfill/unsanitary condition originated disease statistics which says that in 20184:
•
Gastrointestinal infections (Enteroviruses & Noroviruses)
effected 14 075 people of those 19 died.
• Salmonellosis and food
toxicity: > 37 000 people diseased, mortality is not reported
.
1Waste Management Technologies in Regions Program funded
by USAID in Georgia
2Landfills
Originated Biohazard Assessment in Easter European Countries 2017,
EU Commision
3UN
WHO outbreak statistics: https://www.who.int/csr/don/en/
4 Healthcare
Statistical Census 2018, NCDC